Electronics

This task is a knowledge task, talking about electricity, What is Arduino, what is Successive Approximation, and difference between two batteries with the same voltage.

What is Electricity?

Electricity is a form of energy resulting from the existence of charged particles (such as electrons or protons), either statically as an accumulation of charge or dynamically as a current.

What is Voltage ?

What is Electrical Current ?

What is Coulomb's Law ?

Successive Approximation ADC

Successive approximation ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) is the advanced version of Digital ramp type ADC which is designed to reduce the conversion and to increase speed of operation. The major draw of digital ramp ADC is the counter used to produce the digital output will be reset after every sampling interval. The normal counter starts counting from 0 and increments by one LSB in each count, this result in 2N clock pulses to reach its maximum value.

In successive approximation ADC the normal counter is replaced with successive approximation register as shown in below figure.

The successive approximation register counts by changing the bits from MSB to LSB according to input. The detailed operation is shown below.

Operation of 3 bit Successive Approximation ADC

The output of SAR is converted to analog out by the DAC and this analog output is compared with the input analog sampled value in the Opamp comparator. This Opamp provides a high or low clock pulse based on the difference through the logic circuit. In very first case the 3 bit SAR enables its MSB bit as high i.e. ‘1’ and the result will be “100”. This digita output is converted to analog value and compared with input sampled voltage (Vin). If the deference is positive i.e. if the sampled input is high then the SAR enables the next bit from MSB and result will be “110”. Now if the output is negative i.e. if the input sampled voltage is less than the SAR resets the last set bit and sets the next bit and resultant output in this case will be “101” which will definitely approximately equal to the input analog value. The counting sequence is explained by the following counter flow chat as shown in below.

Successive Approximation ADC Counter Flow chat

SAR ADC input output flow voltage graph

Conversion time of Successive Approximation ADC

By observing above 3 bit example it is illustrated for a 3 bit ADC the conversion time will be 3 clock pulses. Then;

N bit Successive Approximation ADC conversion time = 3T (T- clock pulse).

So to avoid aliasing effect the next sample of input signal should be taken after 3 clock pulses.

Important note on Successive Approximation ADC

In Counter type or digital ramp type ADC the time taken for conversion depends on the magnitude of the input, but in SAR the conversion time is independent of the magnitude of the input sampled value.

Advantages of Successive Approximation ADC

• Speed is high compared to counter type ADC.

• Good ratio of speed to power.

• Compact design compared to Flash Type and it is inexpensive.

Disadvantages of Successive Approximation ADC

• Cost is high because of SAR

• Complexity in design.

Applications

The SAR ADC will used widely data acquisition techniques at the sampling rates higher than 10KHz.

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Why batteries of different sizes have the same voltage?

A cell is a single electrochemical device, consisting of two plates and an electrolyte - the voltage of the cell is determined by the materials used. Every set of materials has a electrochemical voltage associated with it. The voltage is determined by the type of material, not the size or quantity.

A battery is made up of series connected cells and will have a voltage that is an integral multiple of the cell voltage.

Thus single cell batteries such as AA, AAA, C, and D all have the same voltage. The amount of material inside affects the total charge available. So bigger lasts longer.

Multi-cell batteries such as the 9V rectangular battery have 6 small cells inside, amounting to 9V. Its capacity is not very high due to the tiny cells crammed in there but the voltage is compensating higher which gives some advantage for things that require higher voltage.

To sum thing up the difference in the capacity is the difference between the two batteries of the same voltage but one life longer than the other.

Reference:

http://academy.cba.mit.edu/classes/electronics_design/index.html

https://drive.google.com/open?id=1xbyfLQsdd1vra4gaqnrIulTHMeaaOTBL